Monoclonal antibodies were first produced by
1.Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein
2.Sarkar and Sommer
3.Selman Waksman
4. Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur
The human IgG class of antibodies is divided into
1. five IgG classes
2. two IgG classes
3.three IgG classes
4.four IgG classes
The immunoglobulin fold is
1. found only in IgG molecules
2. a β-barrel composed of a three- and a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet
3.both (a) and (b)
4.found six times in the IgG molecule
A polyclonal antibody response
1.is produced only in response to polymeric antigens
2. is produced by several B cells recognizing different pitopes on the same antigen
3.occurs during the lag phase of the immune response
4.violates clonal selection
A secondary antibody is an antibody that
1.has been used in prior experiments
2.is synthetically produced
3.binds to another antibody
4. is produced in boostered animals
Alum is an effective adjuvant because it
1.disaggregates the antigen.
2.is immunogenic for stem cells
3. is immunogenic for T cells
4. slows the release of antigen
Antibodies can be used
1.for the localization of proteins in the cell
2.for protein purification
3.to catalyze chemical reactions
4. all of the above
Antibodies in the human immune system can identify approximately 108 different molecules Which one of the following is correct?
1.This diversity is generated from 108 different immunoglobin genes
2.Many of these molecules are self-antigens
3.Most of these antibodies recognize proteins
4.Most of these antibodies recognize small organic molecules
Antibodies of the IgG class
1.consist of four subunits
2. are glycoproteins
3.are secreted into the bloodstream
4. all of the above
Antigenic determinants bind to which portions of an antibody?.
1.Variable regions
2. Constant regions
3.Only light chains
4.Only heavy chains
Cleavage of an IgG molecule by a specific protease can produce
1.an antigen-binding site and two constant regions
2.two heavy chain-light chain dimers
3.an inactive mixture of oligopeptides
4.two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment
Each IgA antibody molecule consists of
1. four polypeptide chain and has two antigen binding site
2.two polypeptide chain and has one antigen binding site
3.three polypeptide chain and has two antigen binding site
4.two polypeptide chain and has two antigen binding site
Fab fragment has
1.one antigen binding site
2. two antigen binding site
3.one antibody binding site
4.two antibody binding site
he humoral immune response relies on the production of soluble proteins called
1. antibodies
2.macromolecules
3.lymphocytes
4. none of these
he main function of antibodies is to
1.kill all the foreign bodies
2.generate antigens thus conferring immunization
3.protect the circulatory system
4.chemically combine with the antigen which induces it inactivate the antigen and protect the body from disease
IgE provides
1.immunity against some parasites
2.complement killings of the cells and phagocytosis
3.secretions in the body
4. all of the above
β-Lymphocytes are often called simply
1.B cells
2.T cells
3.T Lymphocytes
4. none of these
Which of those immunoglobulin classes is mainly found in external secretions?
1.Ig A
2.Ig D
3.Ig M
4.Ig E
Monoclonal refers to
1.a single clone of antibody-producing cells
2.all the antibody molecules which are identical
3.the binding with same antigenic site with identical binding affinities
4. all of the above
Papain digest IgG into
1. two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment
2.three Fab fragments and two Fc fragments
3.two Fab fragments and two Fc fragments
4.three Fab fragments and three Fc fragments
Structures of anti-PCP antibody shows that the tight binding of PCP to the antibody is primarily due to
1. hydrophobic forces
2. electrostatic forces.
3.Van der Waals forces.
4.none of these
Type A blood
1.can be used to donate to type AB individuals
2.can be used to donate to type B individuals
3.contains type B antigens on the surface of red blood cells
4. can always be used to donate to an Rh+ individual
Which of the following are responsible for immune specificity?
1.Antigens
2.Antibodies
3.T lymphocytes
4.Macrophage
Which species lack immunoglobulin light chains?
1.Camels
2.Humans
3.cows
4.Buffalo